? Intended for a course for beginning students in philosophy, mathematics, linguistics, or computer science. ? Motivation for each formal concept and each step in building a formal logic in terms of formalizing reasoning. Provides a conception of formal logic and not just a collection of results. Summaries at important junctures in the book keep students aware of what they''re doing and where they''re going. ? Hundreds of exercises that teach. ? Criteria of formalization with many examples of formalizing ordinary language reasoning in an example-analysis format. ? A complete course: syntax, semantics, and completeness theorems for classical propositional logic and classical predicate logic, and syntax and semantics for second-order classical predicate logic. 1 The Basics of Logic. 2 Reasoning with Compound Claims. 3 Classical Propositional Logic: Form. 4 Classical Propositional Logic: Meaning. 5 Using Classical Propositional Logic. 6 Proofs. Summary of Chapters 1?6. 7 Reasoning about Things. 8 The Grammar of Things. 9 A Formal Language for Predicate Logic. 10 A Predicate Applies to an Object or O
